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Synthetic Aperture Ultrasound
Synthetic Aperture Ultrasound (SAU) Imaging is an advanced form of imaging technology used to form high-resolution image in biomedical ultrasound systems. Ultrasound Imaging has become an important and popular medical imaging method, as it is safer and more economical than computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Compared with the conventional ultrasound image formation where one transducer or linear array is used, SAU imaging has achieved higher lateral resolution and deeper penetration, which will enable a more accurate diagnosis in medical applications, with no obvious loss in frame rate and large burden in computational complexities.〔"Synthetic aperture ultrasound imaging", Jensen, J. A., Nikolov, S. I., Gammelmark, K. L., & Pedersen, M. H. (2006). Ultrasonics, 44, e5-e15.〕
SAU is based on synthetic beamforming and focusing which are processes whereby the pulse-echo response from individual pairs of elements are synthesized to reconstruct the formation and focusing, relying on the rule of linear super-position. The working principle of a basic SAU imaging system is one that transmits ultrasound wave by each small group of all array elements in turn, receive signal using all possible receive array units, and then reconstruct the image by weighted summation of all demodulated received recordings.〔Cobbold, R. S. (2007). Foundations of biomedical ultrasound. Oxford University Press on Demand.〕
The important advantage of SAU is its ability to achieve dynamic focusing on both transmission and reception without repeating the transmission process with all array elements for each focal zone, thus it saves large computational requirements for delay-and-sum beamforming and leaves space for increasing the frame rate. Also the single transmission and receiving requirement for each firing has significantly reduce the hardware complexity for system implementations.〔Cobbold, R. S. (2007). Foundations of biomedical ultrasound. Oxford University Press on Demand.〕
==Motivation and History==
The basic idea of SAU is originated from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and sonar, where the motion of antenna is used over a region around the target to generate higher resolution image of the object. In 1972, Burckhardt first put forward the idea that uses synthetic aperture sonar in medical applications and proved that synthetic aperture system gives a significantly higher lateral resolution than conventional B-scan.〔Burckhardt, Christoph B., P-A. Grandchamp, and Heinz Hoffmann. "An experimental 2 MHz synthetic aperture sonar system intended for medical use." Sonics and Ultrasonics, IEEE Transactions on 21.1 (1974): 1-6.〕 In 1980, Corl proposed a real-time system implementation for synthetic aperture in medical use.〔Corl, P. D., and G. S. Kino. "A real-time synthetic-aperture imaging system."Acoustical imaging. Springer US, 1980. 341-355.〕 However, the early-time SAU implementations are restricted by the lack of powerful computational machines at reasonable cost and size. It was from 1990s that the availability of fast-computing computers has become practical and the development of SAU imaging really began to take off.〔Karaman, Mustafa, Pai-Chi Li, and Matthew O'Donnell. "Synthetic aperture imaging for small scale systems." Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions on 42.3 (1995): 429-442.〕〔Cooley, C. R., and B. S. Robinson. "Synthetic focus imaging using partial datasets." Ultrasonics Symposium, 1994. Proceedings., 1994 IEEE. Vol. 3. IEEE, 1994.〕〔Lockwood, G. R., and F. Stuart Foster. "Design of sparse array imaging systems." Ultrasonics Symposium, 1995. Proceedings., 1995 IEEE. Vol. 2. IEEE, 1995.〕
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